Welcome!
I grew up on shortwave too, and I miss the feel of it greatly. FTA fills some of that gap, but nothing replaces spinning the radio and hearing a small island nations' shortwave service or waking up in the middle of the night just to see if you can catch Malaysia or Kiribati. Stuff's still around, but it just isn't the same.
As for your questions: In the US, yes you can find some non-US news. Off the top of my head, there's numerous Arabic channels on one satellite, including some English services: Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia for starters. NHK and RT (Russia), and CCTV also are up there 24/7 in English. A few other non-English are there too, like Telesur. And that's all on Ku. I think some other more popular ones (BBC, Al-Jazeera, France24, DW) are on C-Band, along with a number of other English and Spanish channels.
And that's not counting PBS, where BBC and a few other daily newscasts are broadcast via "Feed" channels and normal channels.
And what you'll need depends on what you want: A 30" dish is bare minimum for consistent signal on Ku (so no pizza dishes). C-Band needs about 6-foot to be consistent, with 8-10 feet for everything (although some of us have played with "mini-BUD" setups of 4 feet. You get a little stuff, but it can be inconsistent.)
Satellite boxes vary wildly in quality. I picked up a decent box for $40 the other week. It's great, but it requires a lot of effort and patience to setup. Another box I bought 5 years ago was about $100 and was top-notch for simply working (Openbox S9). Just make sure you get Blind Scan -- letting you check for new stations, and DVB-S2 -- a new standard that many new channels are using to broadcast HD at a more efficient bitrate.